eprintid: 17859 rev_number: 8 eprint_status: archive userid: 2 dir: disk0/00/01/78/59 datestamp: 2025-10-21 13:42:22 lastmod: 2025-10-21 13:42:23 status_changed: 2025-10-21 13:42:22 type: article metadata_visibility: show creators_name: Gul, Urfa creators_name: Raza Ur Rehman, Hafiz Muhammad creators_name: Gul, Muhammad Junaid creators_name: Méndez Mezquita, Gerardo creators_name: Pascual Barrera, Alina Eugenia creators_name: Ashraf, Imran creators_id: creators_id: creators_id: creators_id: creators_id: alina.pascual@unini.edu.mx creators_id: title: Enhanced FPGA-based smart power grid simulation using Heun and Piecewise analytic method ispublished: pub subjects: uneat_eng divisions: uneatlantico_produccion_cientifica divisions: uninimx_produccion_cientifica divisions: unic_produccion_cientifica divisions: uniromana_produccion_cientifica full_text_status: public keywords: Power systems; Smart grid; Hardware-in-the-loop systems abstract: The increasing complexity of modern power systems requires engineers to design, build, and test equipment with a high degree of accuracy. The demand for precise equipment design, testing, and evaluation has reached extraordinary levels within modern power systems. To meet this challenge, engineers rely heavily on real-time simulators, which are essential tools for assessing power network dynamics. This study introduces a novel approach, an adaptable and cost-effective simulator, poised to revolutionize traditional hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) systems. Leveraging field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and a comprehensive implementation of Heun and Piecewise analytic methods (PAM), provided simulator offers unparalleled capabilities for embedded real-time simulation of smart grids, ensuring swift and accurate measurements. Augmented by Python-based process simulation and integrated with industry-standard tools like Modelica and MATLAB, the proposed system promises versatility and efficiency. Through comprehensive testing, including rigorous evaluations of excitation system responses to diverse scenarios such as voltage set-point variations, automatic voltage regulator step responses, and fault conditions, we demonstrate the simulator’s robustness and precision. Experimental findings underscore its potential as an effective alternative to conventional HIL systems, marking a significant advancement in smart grid simulation technology. date: 2025-09 publication: Scientific Reports volume: 15 number: 1 id_number: doi:10.1038/s41598-025-18105-8 refereed: TRUE issn: 2045-2322 official_url: http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-18105-8 access: open language: en citation: Artículo Materias > Ingeniería Universidad Europea del Atlántico > Investigación > Producción Científica Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana México > Investigación > Producción Científica Universidad Internacional do Cuanza > Investigación > Artículos y libros Universidad de La Romana > Investigación > Producción Científica Abierto Inglés The increasing complexity of modern power systems requires engineers to design, build, and test equipment with a high degree of accuracy. The demand for precise equipment design, testing, and evaluation has reached extraordinary levels within modern power systems. To meet this challenge, engineers rely heavily on real-time simulators, which are essential tools for assessing power network dynamics. This study introduces a novel approach, an adaptable and cost-effective simulator, poised to revolutionize traditional hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) systems. Leveraging field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and a comprehensive implementation of Heun and Piecewise analytic methods (PAM), provided simulator offers unparalleled capabilities for embedded real-time simulation of smart grids, ensuring swift and accurate measurements. Augmented by Python-based process simulation and integrated with industry-standard tools like Modelica and MATLAB, the proposed system promises versatility and efficiency. Through comprehensive testing, including rigorous evaluations of excitation system responses to diverse scenarios such as voltage set-point variations, automatic voltage regulator step responses, and fault conditions, we demonstrate the simulator’s robustness and precision. Experimental findings underscore its potential as an effective alternative to conventional HIL systems, marking a significant advancement in smart grid simulation technology. metadata Gul, Urfa; Raza Ur Rehman, Hafiz Muhammad; Gul, Muhammad Junaid; Méndez Mezquita, Gerardo; Pascual Barrera, Alina Eugenia y Ashraf, Imran mail SIN ESPECIFICAR, SIN ESPECIFICAR, SIN ESPECIFICAR, SIN ESPECIFICAR, alina.pascual@unini.edu.mx, SIN ESPECIFICAR (2025) Enhanced FPGA-based smart power grid simulation using Heun and Piecewise analytic method. Scientific Reports, 15 (1). ISSN 2045-2322 document_url: http://repositorio.unic.co.ao/id/eprint/17859/1/s41598-025-18105-8.pdf